Clinical Spanish — complete patient history
How to take a patient history in Spanish: the complete HPI-to-ROS sequence for any clinical setting.
Taking a complete patient history is one of the most language-intensive clinical tasks there is. Chief complaint, onset, quality of pain, past medical history, medications, allergies, family history, social history, review of systems — each component has its own question structure, and each structure changes when the patient speaks Spanish. The vocabulary gap between "crushing substernal chest pressure radiating to the left arm" and what a patient from Michoacán says about their pecho is real and consequential. This guide gives you every question, in the patient Spanish that gets accurate answers.
The opening — setting the agenda
The best history opener is short and open-ended. It lets the patient set the narrative before you impose structure:
- "¿Qué le trae hoy?" — What brings you in today? (Preferred.)
- "¿Qué le está pasando?" — What's been happening to you? (For patients who look unwell or distressed.)
- "Cuénteme — ¿qué está sintiendo?" — Tell me — what are you feeling? (For the patient who looks scared and needs an open invitation.)
Avoid "¿Cuál es su queja principal?" — the word queja (complaint) carries a negative social connotation in everyday Spanish and can make patients feel defensive. Use "motivo de consulta" only in documentation, not in conversation.
HPI — History of Present Illness
After the patient names their chief concern, use the OPQRST framework to complete the HPI. Each element has a plain-Spanish question:
Onset (Inicio)
- "¿Cuándo empezó exactamente?" — When did it start exactly?
- "¿Fue de repente o fue poco a poco?" — Was it sudden or gradual?
- "¿Qué estaba haciendo cuando empezó?" — What were you doing when it started?
Provocation and Palliation (Qué lo empeora / mejora)
- "¿Hay algo que lo empeore — moverse, comer, respirar profundo?" — Is there something that makes it worse — moving, eating, breathing deeply?
- "¿Hay algo que lo mejore — el reposo, el calor, algún medicamento?" — Is there something that makes it better — rest, heat, any medication?
Quality (Cómo es el dolor)
- "¿Cómo describiría el dolor o la molestia? — ¿es punzante como un cuchillo, quemante, aplastante, opresivo como si le apretaran el pecho, o más bien un dolor sordo constante?" — How would you describe the pain or discomfort? — stabbing like a knife, burning, crushing, oppressive as if something is squeezing your chest, or more of a constant dull pain?
Radiation (Hacia dónde se va)
- "¿El dolor se queda en un solo lugar o se va a algún otro sitio — al brazo, la espalda, la mandíbula, el cuello, o el estómago?" — Does the pain stay in one place or does it go somewhere else — the arm, back, jaw, neck, or stomach?
Severity (Intensidad)
- "Del cero al diez — donde cero es sin dolor y diez es el peor dolor imaginable — ¿qué número tiene ahora?" — From zero to ten — where zero is no pain and ten is the worst pain imaginable — what number is it now?
- "¿Ha tenido este dolor en otra ocasión? Si sí, ¿es igual de intenso, peor, o menos?" — Have you had this pain before? If so, is it the same intensity, worse, or less?
Timing (Cuándo, cuánto dura)
- "¿Es constante o viene y va?" — Is it constant or does it come and go?
- "¿Cuánto tiempo dura cada vez?" — How long does each episode last?
- "¿Empeora a cierta hora del día — de noche, por la mañana, después de comer?" — Does it get worse at a certain time of day — at night, in the morning, after eating?
For the full OPQRST deep-dive with dialect notes on pain vocabulary, see how to ask symptoms in Spanish.
Associated symptoms (Síntomas asociados)
After completing OPQRST, ask for pertinent positives and negatives in the relevant system. The pertinent negative technique in Spanish:
"Además del [síntoma principal], ¿ha notado alguno de estos síntomas — fiebre, náuseas, vómito, dificultad para respirar, mareos, o cambios en el color de la orina o las heces?" — Besides the [main symptom], have you noticed any of these symptoms — fever, nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath, dizziness, or changes in urine or stool color?
Past Medical History (Antecedentes personales patológicos)
Work through five categories:
Chronic illness
- "¿Le han dicho que tiene alguna enfermedad — diabetes, presión alta, enfermedades del corazón, problemas de los riñones, asma o EPOC, tiroides, o cáncer?" — Have you been told you have any illness — diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, kidney problems, asthma or COPD, thyroid disease, or cancer?
Surgeries and hospitalizations
- "¿Ha tenido alguna cirugía — de qué tipo y más o menos cuándo?" — Have you had any surgery — what kind and approximately when?
- "¿Ha estado hospitalizado/a alguna vez? ¿Por qué?" — Have you been hospitalized? Why?
Obstetric history (when applicable)
- "¿Cuántos embarazos ha tenido? ¿Cuántos partos y cuántas cesáreas?" — How many pregnancies have you had? How many vaginal deliveries and how many C-sections?
- "¿Está embarazada ahora o es posible que lo esté?" — Are you pregnant now or is it possible you might be?
Medications (Medicamentos actuales)
The four-category question that catches everything Spanish-speaking patients routinely omit:
"¿Qué medicamentos toma — pastillas que le recetaron, pastillas que compra sin receta en la farmacia, vitaminas o suplementos, y remedios de hierbas o tés medicinales?" — What medications do you take — prescribed pills, over-the-counter pills from the pharmacy, vitamins or supplements, and herbal remedies or medicinal teas?
For each: "¿Para qué la toma? ¿Qué dosis? ¿Cuántas veces al día?" — What do you take it for? What dose? How many times a day?
For the full medication reconciliation workflow, see medication reconciliation in Spanish.
Allergies (Alergias)
The allergy question that catches both formal allergy and adverse reaction:
"¿Es alérgico/a a algún medicamento o tiene alguna reacción a alguna medicina — como ronchas, dificultad para respirar, o náuseas?" — Are you allergic to any medication or do you have any reaction to any medicine — like hives, difficulty breathing, or nausea?
For the full dual-track allergy sequence, see allergies in Spanish for nurses.
Family History (Antecedentes familiares)
- "¿Hay alguna enfermedad que se repita en su familia — diabetes, presión alta, enfermedades del corazón, cáncer, o problemas de los riñones?" — Is there any illness that recurs in your family — diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, cancer, or kidney problems?
- "¿Sus padres o hermanos han tenido infartos o derrames cerebrales a una edad temprana — antes de los 60 años?" — Have your parents or siblings had heart attacks or strokes at an early age — before age 60?
Social History (Historia social)
Frame every question as routine before asking: "Estas preguntas son de rutina — se las pregunto a todos los pacientes."
- Tobacco: "¿Fuma — cigarrillos, puro, o vaporizador? ¿Cuántos al día?" Past use: "¿Fumó antes? ¿Cuándo paró?"
- Alcohol: "¿Toma bebidas alcohólicas? ¿Cuántos días a la semana y cuántos tragos por vez?"
- Substances: "¿Alguna vez ha usado drogas — marihuana, cocaína, heroína, o pastillas que no le recetaron — aunque sea una sola vez?" (The "aunque sea una vez" phrase significantly improves disclosure.)
- Living situation: "¿Con quién vive? ¿Tiene apoyo en casa?" — Who do you live with? Do you have support at home?
- Occupation: "¿En qué trabaja? ¿Hay algo en el trabajo que pueda estar relacionado con lo que siente?" — What do you do for work? Is there anything at work that might be related to what you're feeling?
Review of Systems (Revisión por sistemas)
The abbreviated multi-system ROS screen that doesn't take 20 minutes:
"Voy a preguntarle rápidamente sobre otros sistemas del cuerpo — dígame sí o no. ¿Ha notado: pérdida de peso sin explicación, fiebre, sudores nocturnos, fatiga inusual, visión borrosa, dificultad para respirar, dolor en el pecho, hinchazón en los tobillos, ardor al orinar, cambios en el intestino, o algún bulto o área que le preocupe?"
Each "sí" becomes its own branch. The ROS is most productive when delivered as a checklist in one breath — patients who hear it presented as individual questions take longer and disclose less.
Practice the full Spanish patient history — voiced, interactive, clinical scenarios. Scenario 1 (complete ED intake) and scenario 8 (primary care new patient) are free.
Open the practice libraryFAQs clinicians ask us about taking a patient history in Spanish
What's the best opening question for a Spanish patient history?
"¿Qué le trae hoy?" — What brings you in today? Short, open, patient-led. Avoid "¿Cuál es su queja?" — "queja" sounds accusatory. Once they answer, use "¿Y desde cuándo?" (And since when?) to move to onset without interrupting the narrative.
How do I ask the OPQRST pain history in Spanish?
O: "¿Cuándo empezó — de repente o poco a poco?" P: "¿Qué lo empeora o mejora?" Q: "¿Cómo es — punzante, quemante, opresivo, sordo?" R: "¿Se va a algún otro lado — brazo, espalda, mandíbula?" S: "Del cero al diez, ¿qué número?" T: "¿Constante o va y viene? ¿Cuánto dura?" For dialect vocabulary on pain, see the symptoms in Spanish page.
How do I ask about herbal remedies without missing them?
Add a fourth category to the medication question: "...y remedios de hierbas o tés medicinales." Patients taking manzanilla, uña de gato, yerba santa, or valerian often don't think of these as "medicamentos." The herb category needs to be named explicitly or it won't be volunteered.
How do I take a social history in Spanish without the patient feeling judged?
Frame as routine: "Estas preguntas son de rutina — se las hago a todos." Then proceed without pausing for reaction. For substance use, the phrase "aunque sea una sola vez en su vida" (even just once in your life) reliably improves honest disclosure on past use.
Can I use the patient's child as interpreter to take a history?
No. Minor children should never interpret medical history — it creates moral burden, confidentiality violations (the child is now privy to adult health information), and accuracy risk (the child edits what the parent says). Use the phone language line for history-taking. For the full framework, see the JCAHO patient-safety post.